is not likely, but it is estimated that demand would exceed what is economically accessible to extract. In this scenario, demand in 2060 is more than cobalt reserves and about 90% of lithium reserves. In other words, for the forecasted demand to be met, extraction must go beyond what is seen as economically viable. This dwindling of reserves would likely raise material costs, triggering increased exploration and development, and potentially expand reserves.
‘Net emissions’ represents the net emissions abated from using recycled instead of newly mined materials to manufacture 1kg of lithium-ion battery. ‘Recycling emissions’ represent the emissions from recycling using hydrometallurgical processing and ‘avoided emissions’ represent the total emissions that were abated by not manufacturing a kg of battery from newly mined materials. Information for this figure was taken from Dunn et al. .
that can lead to material shortages such as inadequate processing capacity and geopolitical supply chain issues. Recycling can secure a local supply of materials and decrease new material demand, all factors that can keep costs down.show that in the United States a large portion of future EV material demand can be met with recycled content. In 2050, recovered material can supply approximately 45–52% of cobalt, 40–46% of nickel, and 22–27% of lithium demand for EVs.
Since mined materials will be needed to supplement recycled content, we need to ensure ethical and sustainable sourcing. In addition, it is essential that material demand is decreased through increasing the material efficiency of batteries and EVs and shifting away from car dependency and towards more public transportation.
Yes
There are FAR more than sufficient materials to make every vehicle BEV. Zero doubt exists on this point.
🇺🇸 zero landfills by when? is there a target?